Basic Terminologies for Sitar Beginners (Compiled by Ramprapanna Bhattacharya)
🌟 Essential Sitar Terminologies for Beginners
For detailed instructions please refer Ramprapanna Bhattacharya's YouTube Playlist: Sitar Learning Essentials: Sitar Learning Essentials by Ramprapanna Bhattacharya - YouTube
🎶 1. Bol (बोल)
Syllables or plucking patterns played with mizrab on the strings such as Da, Ra, Dir, Dara, Der, etc. They define rhythmic and melodic articulation.
🎶 2. Sapat / Sapat Taans (सपाट)
Straight, linear movement of notes in ascending or descending order. Usually even-paced, clean runs.
🎶 3. Palta (पलटा)
A structured pattern or exercise based on a specific sequence of notes, often repeated with variations to build technique.
🎶 4. Meend (मींड)
A glide or smooth slide between notes using left-hand pull. One of the signature ornaments of sitar.
🎶 5. Gamak (गमक)
A strong, oscillating, forceful shake of notes. It adds intensity and weight to musical phrases.
🎶 6. Jhala (झाला)
Fast rhythmic playing using Chikari strokes (mainly on high-pitched strings), usually towards the climax of a performance.
🎶 7. Sidha Jhala (सीधा झाला)
Straight jhala pattern where Da–Ra strokes move in a direct, continuous manner.
🎶 8. Ulta Jhala (उलटा झाला)
Reverse patterned jhala where the stroke direction changes (often Ra–Da type movements), creating a contrasting rhythmic texture.
🌿 More Useful Sitar Terms
9. Mizrab (मिझराब)
The metallic plectrum worn on the index finger used for plucking.
10. Chikari (चिकारी)
The thin drone strings on the right side of the fretboard. Played frequently in jhala.
11. Da–Ra Strokes
Basic right-hand plucking:
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Da = outward stroke
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Ra = inward stroke
12. Kan Swar (कण स्वर)
A quick, grace note or crushed note ornamentation.
13. Krintan (क्रींतन)
A rapid plucking/ornament used to cut or flick from one note to another.
14. Murki (मुरकी)
A light, subtle ornament—quick flicker of notes; like a small musical turn.
15. Andolan (अंदोलन)
A slow, wide oscillation around a note, used mainly in serious ( गंभीर ) ragas.
16. Sthayi (स्थायी)
The first part of a composition (gat). Usually stays in lower/middle octave.
17. Antara (अंतरा)
The second section of the composition, typically exploring higher octave notes.
18. Laykari (लयकारी)
Rhythmic play with tempo/beat divisions—like dugun, tigun, chaugun.
19. Taan (तान)
Fast, intricate melodic runs used in development sections (mainly in vilambit/Drut improvisation).
20. Alap (आलाप)
Slow, unmetered introduction of the raga, exploring swaras with depth and clarity.
21. Bandish / Gat (बंदिश / गत)
A fixed composition set in a particular taal.
22. Tihai (तिहाई)
A phrase repeated three times, landing precisely on the sam.
23. Sam (सम)
The first and most important beat of the taal cycle.
24. Matra (मात्रा)
A single beat within a taal.
25. Khali / Taali (खाली / ताली)
Marked empty beat (khali) or clapped beat (taali) in a taal.
26. Sur / Swar (सुर / स्वर)
Notes of the scale.
27. Tanpura / Tambura (तानपूरा)
The drone instrument providing the tonal foundation.
28. Pua / Jawari (जव्वारी)
The bridge curvature that gives the characteristic buzzing sound (jawari).
29. Taraf / Tarafdar Strings (तरफ / तरफदार)
Sympathetic strings that resonate when notes are played.
30. Mizrab Bol Patterns
Examples: DaRa DaRa, DaDa RaRa, DaraDira, etc.

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